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1932 Essex Terraplane Model K

The Essex Motor Company was formed in 1917 and made its debut the following year as Hudson Motor Company's 'junior' companion marque. It operated from the old No. 5 Studebaker plant on Detroit's Franklin Avenue. Essex was named after an English town and was financed and managed by top Hudson staff. For example, Hudson president Roy D. Chapin and other leading Hudson staff served on the Essex board of directors. Essex president William S. McAneeny was Hudson's factory manager, and top Hudson executives Roscoe B. Jackson and A.E. Barit held administrative posts at Essex.

The original Essex vehicles were powered by a 55 horsepower 'four' mounted in a 108-inch wheelbase and given angular body designs. They were relatively inexpensive while offering good performance and reliability. The first Essex automobiles were produced in December of 1918 as 1919 models after they had been delayed due to World War I.

Essex vehicles are credited with beginning the trend away from open-bodied cars. They realized very early the interest in closed cars, offering America's lowest-priced version starting in 1922. Henry Ford is credited with creating the affordable car, while Essex had much to do with making Sedans available to the masses.

The cars were very dependable and won several hill climbing challenges including the 1923 Pikes Peak run with Glen Shultz driving. In December of 1919, an AAA-supervised demonstration test was executed involving an Essex being driven to speeds exceeding 60 mph at the Cincinnati Speedway over 50 hours and 3,037.4 miles. Four Essex motorcars participated in a publicized transcontinental run in August of 1920, with a mail pouch transported by each car and each driver sworn in as official letter carriers.

Essex sales were impressive, outselling Hudson two consecutive years in 1919 and 1920, and matching them for 1921. 92 cars were produced in 1918 as 1919 models. Over the years, sales continued to escalate and propelled the Hudson Motor Car Company into third place in overall sales for 1929.

For 1922, Essex and Hudson were merged into a single company. The Essex vehicles received a new wider body for the Touring car with front hinges and wider doors. Body styles included the Tourer, Sedan, Cabriolet, and a new two-door, five-passenger coach. Mechanical updates heightened reliability and durability. The four-cylinder engine received a new cylinder head, a more efficient fuel intake, repositioned spark plugs, and a Morse timing chain.

For 1922, Essex shipped 36,222 vehicles to their dealers.

The Essex vehicles received minor changes for 1923, followed by a controversial change in 1924, with its F-head 4-cylinder engine being replaced by a 6-cylinder of conventional L-head design. It originally had a 130 cubic inch displacement which was soon increased to 144.5 cubic inches, resulting in a boost in horsepower. Essex did not give a horsepower rating, but when it did in 1929, it was 55 HP, the same as the Essex four. The Essex Six was given a 3-bearing crankshaft, aluminum pistons, a cast enbloc intake manifold, and a Morse timing chain. The vehicles had a 110.5-inch wheelbase and a length of 156.5 inches.

Very few changes occurred for the 1925 Essex vehicles. During the year, the tire size changed from 31.525 to 30 x 4.95 and minor engine modifications were progressively made. Body styles included a Touring car and a 2-door coach, which received a new appearance in March. Changes included a thinner windshield, thinner door posts, a re-shaped windshield visor, and a curved windshield base.

Essex sales more than doubled from 1924, with 159,634 shipments to dealers. This was 45 percent over Hudson. Part of the success was attributed to price reductions and detailed refinements. A small number of Essex chassis were shipped overseas and given custom coachwork.

Changes were minimal for 1926, until July when the Hudson-bodied versions of the Sedan and Coach appeared. The Coach rested two inches lower than the previous body style, and both the sedan and coach had a nickel-plated radiator shell. Sales continued to be strong, with 157,247 examples shipped to dealers.

Essex continued to move closer to Hudson in naming conventions and in appearance. For 1927. During the year, the engine was enlarged to a displacement size of 153.2 cubic inches. Part way through the year, smaller wheels were fitted and a full body length beltline molding was added. 6 body styles were offered including a Speedabout, speedster, coupe, sedan, Sedan Deluxe, and a 2-door coach. Pricing ranged from $700 for the Speedabout to nearly $900 for the Sedan Deluxe. 210,380 shipments were made to dealers, marking the first time Essex shipped over 200,000 vehicles in a single calendar year.

For 1928, Essex continued to appear like a smaller Hudson. Body styles included a Roadster, Touring Car, Coupe, Coupe Roadster, coach, and sedan. Most were built in-house although Biddle & Smart were responsible for several of the expensive bodies. The engine displaced 153.2 cubic inches and offered 17.32 N.A.C.C. H.P. Mechanical upgrades included a four-wheel Bendix and three-shoe mechanical brakes. Sales increased again, this time to 229,887 shipments to dealers. Although 1929 would enjoy similar sales success, 1928 would be the pinnacle year for Essex, as the Great Depression would have a dramatic effect on the years that followed. By 1932 the company had become the Essex-Terraplane and, finally, just Terraplane.

Styling for 1929 continued in the basic fashion established in 1928, albeit with a number of minor updates. In the front was a larger radiator shell, and the beltline now traversed the entire body.

Many changes occurred in 1930 on the Essex, including a longer 113-inch wheelbase and the bodies were, on average, five inches wider than their 1929 siblings. The bodies were given chrome-plated hood hinges, beaded running board aprons, and a beaded body belt line. Styling changes would continue for the following two years. In 1932, the Essex featured V-shaped radiators, single-piece bumpers, deeper crowned fenders, and rounded rear body contour.

Partway through the 1932 model year, the name of the Series E Essex was changed from its Greater Essex Super Six to Essex Super-Six Pacemaker before becoming just the Essex Pacemaker when the Essex Standard Series was introduced in 1932. Also in 1932 began the Terraplane model of Essex was built by the Hudson Motor Car Company. They were introduced in July with Orville Wright receiving the first example built. Amelia Earhart received car number two. The Terraplane received much interest and fanfare within the automotive industry that within a year the Essex Terraplane became simply the Terraplane. Powering the Terraplane was a larger and more powerful version of the Essex six. The six-cylinder unit displaced 193.1 cubic inches and offered 70 horsepower. It had a lower compression ratio, new engine mounts, and a new downdraft carburetor. They had a sliding gear transmission, Bendix mechanical brakes at all four corners, and a wheelbase that measured 106 inches. Twelve body styles were offered including a roadster, business coupe, coach, phaeton, and sedan.

by Dan Vaughan

Delivery Sedan
Chassis number: 370629

When new, this 1932 Essex Terraplane Six Sedan Delivery was converted when new into a funeral service flower car with the addition of interior paneling in the rear cargo compartment. It was given upgraded flooring, and special coach lamps mounted at each B-pillar. It saw many years of service as a flower car in Pennsylvania before being retired from duty. V.C. Cantrell of Annville, Pennsylvania later acquired the Terraplane and gave it a restoration, resulting in the achievement of AACA Senior National First Prize honors in 1989. In 1991, Mr. Cantrell showed the vehicle at the AACA Hershey Meet, where Mr. Hostetler expressed interest. A year later, he was able to add it to his collection.

by Dan Vaughan

Sport Convertible Coupe
Chassis number: 359406

The Great Depression was a difficult time and the financial crisis had America's automobile manufacturers fighting for survival. Hudson's attempts included its 'junior' Essex marque split with the standard Essex line handling the low-price field, and the new six-cylinder Essex Terraplane line competed with Ford and Chevrolet buyers with its lower pricing, lightweight, and impressive performance. The new Terraplane cars were met with swift success, resulting in their name change the following year to simply 'Terraplane.'

Along with industry hype, and aggressive advertising by Hudson, the Terraplane enjoyed motorsport success by setting numerous hill climb records. The engine found in the Terraplane was the same six-cylinder unit used in the Essex, with lowered compression, a new downdraft carburetor, and a new three-point mounting system.

This example is a 1932 Essex Terraplane 2/4-Passenger Convertible Coupe that was purchased shortly after the public debut of the Essex Terraplane line by Hudson co-founder and top executive Roy D. Chapin and his wife, Inez, and used in Washington after Mr. Chapin's appointment as President Herbert Hoover's Secretary of Commerce from August 1932 to March 1933. This convertible was the only car Inez Chapin drove for nearly 25 years until her eventual passing in 1957. Their grandson, Roy Chapin III, drove it for several years as well. The car was willed to the Edison Institute of Technology at Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan and when the Edison Institute was disbanded, the car was purchased by Pennsylvanian collector, Mark Smith, who in turn sold it to Eldon and Esta Hostetler in August 1993.

This Terraplane is finished in black with a black vinyl top piped in Maroon. There is unrestored, original-appearing Bedford Cord upholstery with the rumble seat upholstered in brown vinyl. There are dual chrome horns, a radiator grille, dual front-fender lamps, and a rear spare.

by Dan Vaughan