To pay tribute to the long story of success that began in 1910, one only has to look at the Alfa Romeo Duetto to view the creativeness of Italian coachbuilders and Alfa Romeo styling. With an elemental design that continues to impress, after almost a century of elegance sportiness, the perfectly balanced design of Alfa Romeo continues today. Considered to be technological masterpieces from the epic age of the motor, these unforgettable vehicles have captured the imagination of car enthusiasts all over the world. Both the Duetto and Giulietta are considered to be iconic Italian products of the Fifties and Sixties.
The name 'Duetto' was suggested by Mr. Giudobaldo Trionfi of Brescia, during a competition launched by Alfa Romeo in 1966 to find a name for the 1600 Spider. For his suggestion, Trionfi was rewarded the competition prize, the keys to the new Spider by Alfa Romeo president Luraghi. Closely related to the Giulia range, based on a Giulia 105 series chassis, the Spider was launched in 1966.
Pininfarina, an Italian coachbuilder was also responsible for the Duetto's monocoque, or unibody, construction. With relatively new principles of crumple zones incorporated into both the front and rear, the Duetto was a design marvel. A variant of the Alfa Romeo's twin camshaft, 4-cylinder, DOHC engine capable of generating up to 109 horsepower, the Duetto had a power-plant of 1570 cc. When originally launched in Italy, the price of the Duetto was 2,195,000 lire.
Three models of this vehicle were loaded onto the ship 'Raffaello' in May of 1966, in preparation for launch in the U.S. Unfortunately, the Duetto was never officially imported into the UK. The 'Duetto' Spider has achieved the success that has spanned across the ocean. This popular status was most likely enhanced by the Duetto's appearance in the 1967 American film 'Graduate' starring Dustin Hoffman. A 'Graduate' version of the Duetto was also produced and available for a limited time in the U.S.
The Duetto was created by G.B. Pininfarina in 1966. A masterpiece as well as an icon, the Duetto was an elegant vehicle that continued in production all the way up to 1994 with very few stylistic and technical changes. Buyers who wanted to be noticed, but without flashy ostentation, the Duetto was a vehicle of choice.
Keeping true to the collective global image of Alfa Romeo, the Duetto carried the classic characteristics that made these vehicles legendary. The Duetto also carries the distinction of being the final car the Pininfarina designed, as he died just one month following the Duetto's introduction in March of 1966.
Produced for only two years, the Duetto's rarity is indisputable. The symmetrical front and rear are drawn together with an aerodynamic profile with a dramatic blood trough down the sides. The stylish body showcased bumpers mounted into both the front and rear wings, along with an alluring grille set just beneath the front bumper. Coming very close to being a street-worthy show car, the Duetto's side concavity appeared later in a muted form on the Daytona Ferrari. Slightly ahead of the current market in 1966, the Duetto came with an all-alloy 1600cc engine, five-speed gearbox, twin cams, and 4-wheel disc brakes.
Devoid of most creature comforts, the Duetto is basically an ideal minimalist sports car that is usable in all climates. The main drawback of the interior was the straight-arm, bent-knee posture characteristic of most Alfa Spiders, though the interior of the vehicle is roomy and quite comfortable. In fair compensation, the Duetto carries one of the most robust power-trains that Alfa has ever produced.
Achieving close to cult-car status, the Duetto today is a highly sought-after collectible. The Duetto was eventually replaced by the 1750 Spider Veloce, with its more powerful 1779 cc engine powered by 118 horsepower. The North American market received Spica mechanical fuel injection while in Europe the Veloce was fitted with two twin carburetors. Though the vehicle looked basically the same, updates and modifications were made to the suspension, brakes, electrics, wheels, and tires.
A total of 6,325 units were produced from 1967 until 1968. Though the Duetto was produced for only 12 months, the impact of its production is undeniably stamped in the history of Alfa Romeo.
One of the all-time greats in the Alfa Romeo line-up, the Duetto has achieved the status of a true Sports Car in the traditional sense. Putting to shame the indistinguishable, fast depreciating Japanese and German efficient marvels, the Duetto had an elegant style and charm of good-breeding.
Unquestionably one of the most beautiful cabriolet designs ever, the Pininfarina-penned roadster the Graduate was intended as a less expensive 'entry-level' Alfa. Introduced in 1985, the Graduate continued in the North American market until 1990. Minus the alloy wheels and the luxury options that the QV and SV had, it shared the same engine and transmission. Standard options included steel wheels, basic vinyl seats, a vinyl top, and manual windows.
A lot happens in thirty years. Vibrant, tie-dyed youth in paisley patterned Volkswagens turn into graying commuters stuck in sterile white Camrys. Fuel crises come and go. Time slowly reduces the automobile, once a potent symbol of sex and freedom, to a bland and inoffensive mass of soft plastic, crumple zones, and gray velour: an air bag-lined capsule of toiling isolation. Engine sizes shrink and subsequently grow again. Hairlines recede (but, unfortunately, don't grow back with the cubic inch revival). The presidencies of Lyndon Baines Johnson and Bill Clinton sandwich the administrations of a liar, a peanut farmer, a handsome actor, and more. The Soviet Union collapses. Enzo Ferrari dies.
In less than three decades, between 1966 and 1994, the world changed in unforgettable ways. The automotive landscape reflected these changes; it bore the scars of crippled performance and compromised style, and the fruits of enhanced efficiency and increased safety.
Cars changed radically in those years. Most notably, the idea of automotive fun was all but eradicated. The EPA and Ralph Nader created a fun-sucking black hole that manufacturers struggled to claw out of for years, with almost no success until the Mazda Miata of 1989 revitalized a dying species and added a sultry tint of red to the cold, gray monochrome into which it was born.
But when the Miata, that great savior of the sports car, arrived to carry on the torch first lit by traditional, ash-framed Brits after the Second World War, it had to pry that beacon of light from the ageing fingers of a car that refused to die: the Alfa Romeo Spider.
Alfa's Spider was a survivor. Introduced in 1966 to a world rife with sports car choices, the Spider was always a bit of a misfit. With less performance than a Porsche, more sophistication than an MG, and a price tag in-between the costs of those marques' machines, the Alfa seemed to occupy a logical position within the sports car hierarchy.
Real sports cars didn't follow rules, though, and they didn't always play nice. The Spider would not allow itself to be pigeonholed into some anonymous niche between carmakers with whom Alfa had battled for years on racetracks and on dealer lots.
The Alfa Spider set itself apart from competitors with engineering precision unmatched by other cars of similar size and price. It was stylish, too, but the lines were ahead of their time. When it was new, the Spider managed to receive the nickname Osso di Seppia in its home country of Italy. English translation: cuttlefish.
The Spider's initial design was the last work overseen by Pininfarina founder Batista 'Pinin' Farina, and it was a well proportioned shape with a tapering tail to balance its long, sloping nose with covered headlights. How this shape struck period journalists as fishy is difficult to understand, as automotive historians and journalists now regard it as pure and delicate, the finest of the Spider series. John Lamm, writing for Motor Trend decades ago, remarked that the 'Spider looked like it had been squeezed from a tube of Crest.' The design has reached high regard, though, and the premium prices enjoyed by early Spiders confirm the shape's ultimate success.
Maybe contemporary journalists were just trying to nitpick—there were, after all, no other detractors from the car's inherent goodness about which one could complain. This may sound like an exaggeration. It isn't. The original Alfa Romeo Spider did everything well, and reviews from the car's inception confirm this.
Handling was brilliant. The race-proven suspension setup used coil springs and telescoping shock absorbers at all corners, with unequal length A-arms at the front and a carefully located rear axle. The Spider had neither rack and pinion steering nor independent rear suspension, but it proved that excellent handling could be had without them. The four wheel disc brakes gave the Spider sensationally short stopping distances. The car's interior was comfortable, its top easy to operate, its build quality decent, and its reliability proven (at least when treated to appropriate maintenance work by a knowledgeable mechanic). And things only got better when someone opened the hood.
Featuring the venerated Alfa twin cam four, the Spider's engine bay sparkled with Italian charisma. Beautifully cast aluminum marked the distinguished motor as a work of art, a decadent sculpture given for the gods motion. From top to bottom, the engine was a triumph of form and purpose. An aluminum valve cover crowned the head, with a shape indicative of the twin, chain-driven camshafts beneath it. Those camshafts actuated valves within hemispherical combustion chambers, with a spark plug optimally situated between the valves at each hemisphere's northernmost point. Digging deeper into the engine, the aluminum block came into view. It used cast iron wet liners to ensure durability and longevity even with enthusiastic use. Finally, at the very bottom of the engine bay excavation, was the oil sump, also in aluminum. The oversized sump was responsible for the engine's 7-quart oil capacity. Its distinctive, hammerhead shape resulted from a need to clear a cross member running directly beneath the motor, and its fins and baffles kept the oil happy while the car encountered high engine speeds and cornering loads.
That engine mated to a 5-speed transmission that automotive writers widely accepted as one of the very finest gearboxes in terms of feel and ease of use. The excellent transmission routed power to the rear axle, where Alfa used more aluminum in the differential casing.
Few reasonably-priced sports cars bettered the Alfa Spider, yet the car was never a particularly popular seller. Even its co-starring role in The Graduate with Dustin Hoffman didn't deliver sustained high sales. Alfa Romeo suffered from weak marketing skills and an awful dealer network (especially in the United States), which, coupled with a price higher than that of some British competitors, kept the Spider a relatively exclusive car.
The 1966 Alfa Romeo Spider was an excellent machine, but it never got any better—and it certainly never grew any younger. Despite the exceptionally long production run that the Spider enjoyed, Alfa never made any thorough revisions to the basic design. That was fine for purist Alfisti, but for everyone else the competition just looked better and better. Of course, that was not a problem for those few years in the 1980s when competition just didn't exist. But even then, the Spider was so familiar and admittedly tired that it failed to rouse buyers in great numbers.
Regardless, though the Spider did clearly age, it aged gracefully and remained a faithful friend to the sports car hopeful. Throughout its long life, the Spider was produced in many variations for many different markets. The series arrived in 1966 with a model called the Duetto.
The Alfa Duetto was one of the curved-tail Spiders, and it used a 1,570cc version of the Alfa twin cam. Succeeding the Duetto in the U.S. market was the Spider Veloce of 1969 (no Alfas were imported to the U.S. for 1968), which used a 1,779cc engine and the advanced SPICA mechanical fuel injection system. In 1971 (no U.S.-bound Alfas in 1970), the Spider Veloce continued with the 1,779cc engine but the curved-tail styling disappeared, replaced by a more conventional Kamm-tail treatment.
All American market Alfa Spiders from 1972 used a 1,962cc version of the all-alloy engine. For 1975, the U.S. cars received ungainly bumpers to meet new federal standards. This compromised design continued until 1982, with more thorough revisions updating the Spider's appearance for 1983.
The 1983 models gained better-integrated (though still bloated) bumpers, a metal front spoiler, and a revised rear end with new taillight clusters and a soft rubber spoiler. By this time, Spiders used Bosch electronic fuel injection that improved reliability though not performance. In 1985, a new trim level called the Graduate was introduced to capitalize on Alfa's brief moment of stardom nearly twenty years prior. The Spider Graduate slotted below the Spider Veloce and was the entry-level model, with vinyl seats and top, manual windows, and steel wheels.
In 1986, the Spider series received a revised interior and yet another trim level: the Quadrifoglio. The top-of-the-line Spider Quadrifoglio possessed an interior similar to that found in the Veloce, but with blood red carpets and gray leather seats with contrasting red stitching. On the outside, the Quadrifoglio was distinctively styled with a controversial plastic body kit that consisted of front and rear lower bumpers as well as side skirts. It also came with unique 15' alloy wheels and a removable hardtop. Alfa offered the Quadrifoglio in only three colors: red, silver, and black. Graduate, Veloce, and Quadrifoglio trims were offered to American buyers until 1990.
For 1991, the Alfa Spider received its final freshening. The interior was updated, but the most important changes were made to the body. Alfa Romeo fitted these Spiders with well-integrated front and rear bumpers, revised outer rocker panels, and a new tail that eschewed the 1980s-style spoiler and light clusters for a smoother look with full-width taillights inspired by the Alfa 164. Pininfarina, which built Alfa Romeo's Spiders in addition to designing them, produced its last examples of the model in calendar year 1993. For the 1994 model year, 190 Alfa Romeo Spider Commemorative Editions were imported into the U.S. to mark the very end of the series.
The Alfa Spider became less and less competitive as it aged, slowly turning into the kind of tweedy anachronism usually produced by Britain. It never lost its charm, though. The snarling twin cam, the crisp 5-speed, the cozy interior with its comically awful driving position—the Alfa Spider was everything a car should be, except practical, safe, and sensible. In other words, it was everything a sports car should be. Never pretentious, never ostentatious, and, somehow, always in style. If people could only age as well as the Spider, maybe growing old wouldn't be so bad. Then again, from behind the wheel of a Spider it doesn't even matter that we age. This car is timeless. Endless. Eternal. There's an air of immortality and invincibility about the Alfa. No matter how old it is, no matter how old we are—just double-clutch downshift a couple gears to make that twin cam scream, and the story starts all over again.
Sources:Benson, Joe. Illustrated Alfa Romeo Buyer's Guide . 2nd. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing Company, 1992. Print.
Clark, R.M (compiler of articles). Alfa Romeo Spider Ultimate Portfolio: 1966-1994. Brooklands Books, Print.
By Evan AcuñaThe 2-door convertible Alfa Romeo 2000 Spider Veloce was introduced in 1971 and was the replacement to the 1750 Spider. The original Spider Duetto, was released in 1966, was only produced for one year before being replaced by the 1750 Spider Veloce. The 1750 was launched in 1967 with both the body and the monocoque construction was designed by Pininfarina. The successor to the Giulia Spider Veloce and the Duetto, the Spider was not as much a sports vehicle as a competitive convertible touring car with a very unique shape. The Alfa Romeo Spider is best known as 'Duetto' or as 'Osso di Seppia' (round-tail) nicknames that were both dubbed by the Italian.
In 1968, a new Spider 1300 'Junior' was introduced to the automobile market and featured a 1290cc engine that was capable of producing 89 hp. The Junior didn't have the same features as the 1750, including the brake servo, hubcaps, opening quarterlight or plastic headlight fairings. In 1972 a visually identical Spider to the 1300, the 1600 Junior was launched. The 1300 was eventually discontinued in 1977 and in 1983 the 'Junior' name was dropped from the 1600 name.
Production of the 1750 Spider ended in 1971 to make room for the larger engined 2000 Spider. Enhanced with a new 2.0 liter engine that produced 132bhp, the 2000 shared many similarities with the 2000 though it now carried a 1962cc, four cylinder twin cam engine.
Until the mid-1990's, the Veloce continued to be produced. Becoming larger during the 1970's, bumpers that were energy absorbing became part of the additional features. Sales were allowed to continue in the US after the replacement of the earlier chrome items.
Modified in 1974 and 1975, both the 1300 and 2000 Spiders were modified for the addition of two small seats placed behind the front seats. The Spider was now a 'two plus two' four seater. In 1983, a major modification to the Spider was the introduction of black rubber front and rear bumpers. Now incorporating a grille, the front bumper modification considerably altered the exterior appearance of the car. A small spoiler was also added to the trunk lid.
Introduced in 1985, the Quadrifoglio Verde (Green Cloverleaf) model, a nearly identical prototype of the standard Spider Veloce model was introduced. Slight modifications such as new sideskirts, front and rear spoilers, optional removable hardtop and mirrors were included on this modified version. The Verde carried a 1962 cc double overhead cam four-cylinder engine mated to a five speed manual transmission.
In the U.S., the model released was dubbed the 'Graduate'.
Achieving worldwide acclaimed celebrity to the 'Spider', the 1967 film 'The Graduate' which starred Dustin Hoffman, brought unbelievable attention to the Alfa Romeo line. A less expensive ‘entry level' Alfa vehicle, the Graduate shared the same engine as the Spider Veloce and Quadrifoglio Verde though it lacked the alloy wheels and luxury options that both of the other models featured. The Graduate remained on the market until 1990 and had a vinyl top, basic vinyl seats, manual windows and standard steel wheels.
In 1990 the most major and final update was made to the European Spider model in the addition of the North American's Bosch electronic fuel injection. Also, the front under-bumper spoiler and rear trunk-lid spoiler were taken off the Spider, and 164-style rear lights that stretched across the width of the vehicle. These updates did not appear on the North American models until 1991. North American Spiders also featured power steeling and a driver-side airbag.
An all-new Alfa Spider was showcased in 1994. Also a 1994 model, a limited edition Spider Commemorative Edition was produced for the North American market. Only a total of 190 models were created of the Commemorative Edition and all of them had a small plaque affixed to the dashboard with the identification of which vehicle it was. The CE's also had additional features that included a special badge on the nose, unique gold center caps on the 'phonedial' 15' wheels, along with burled wood interior trim.
To modernize the Alfa Spider, the front end was remodeled in 2003 by the original designer Pininfarina. Much like the Alfa 156 and 147, the model was redesigned to make the iconic badge more prominent, along with the four six bar chrome grill. The engine was updated to a new 165 bhp, and a V6 unit that achieved 20 bhp at 6200 rpm and able reach a top speed of 158 mph. The Alfa Spider was the fastest Alfa Romeo ever produced.
Regarded as a design classic, the Spider remained in production for nearly three decades with only slight design enhancements and mechanical updates throughout the years. Various models of Alfa Romeo's have become cultural symbols over the decades, this is no doubt influenced by the numerous prolific Alfa Romeo owners clubs and Alfa Romeo Model Registers. The prestigious owner of an Alfa Romeo is called an 'Alfista' in Italian, while an entire group of them is called 'Alfisti'.
By Jessica Donaldson
